The Yerkes-Dodson Law and Performance

The Yerkes-Dodson Law and Performance Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Yerkes-Dodson Law and Performance By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 06, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that elevated arousal levels can improve performance up to a certain point. Learn more about how this works and why sometimes a little bit of stress can actually help you perform your best.?? The Relationship Between Arousal and Performance Have you ever noticed that you perform better when you are just a little bit nervous? For example, you might do better at an athletic event if you are excited about participating or do better on an exam if you are somewhat anxious about your score. In psychology, this relationship between arousal levels and performance is known as the Yerkes-Dodson Law. What impact can this have on our behavior and performance? How Does the Yerkes-Dodson Law Work? The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes. The law was first described in 1908 by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson.?? They discovered that mild electrical shocks could be used to motivate rats to complete a maze, but when the electrical shocks became too strong, the rats would scurry around in random directions to escape. The experiment demonstrated that increasing stress and arousal levels could help focus motivation and attention on the task at hand, but only up to a certain point. The anxiety you experience before an exam is one example of how the Yerkes-Dodson Law operates. An optimal level of stress?? can help you focus on the test and remember the information that you studied; too much test anxiety can impair your ability to concentrate and make it more difficult to remember the correct answers. Athletic performance offers another great example of the Yerkes-Dodson Law. When a player is poised to make an important move, like making a basket during a basketball game, an ideal level of arousal can sharpen his performance and enable him to make the shot. When a player gets too stressed out, he might instead choke and miss the shot. Observations So, how do you determine what arousal levels are ideal? The key thing to remember is that this can vary from one task to the next.??? Research has found,?? for example, that performance levels decrease earlier for complex tasks than for simple tasks even with the same levels of arousal. What does this mean exactly? If you are performing a relatively simple task, you are capable of dealing with a much larger range of arousal levels. Household tasks such as doing laundry or loading the dishwasher are less likely to be affected by either very low or very high arousal levels. If you were doing a much more complex task, such as working on a paper for a class or memorize difficult information, your performance would be much more heavily influenced by low and high arousal levels. If your arousal levels are too low, you might find yourself drifting off or even falling asleep before you can even get started on the assignment. Arousal levels that are too high could be just as problematic, making it difficult to concentrate on the information long enough to complete the task. Too much and too little arousal can also have an effect on different types of athletic performance tasks. While a basketball player or baseball player might need to control excessive arousal in order to concentrate on successfully performing complex throws or pitches, a track sprinter might rely on high arousal levels to motivate peak performance. In such cases, the type of task and complexity of the task play a role in determining the optimal levels of arousal.

The Importance Of Being Cultural Competent By Doris...

This essay will provide information and outline the importance of being cultural competent, explore issues the Indigenous community have faced, and explain how Doris Pilkington Garimara drew attention to those problems. Cultural competence means to respect, accept and appreciate all cultures without any form of prejudice (Murphy, 2011). In the early twentieth century, Pilkington highlighted the issues about racism and the Stolen Generations to create awareness about those topics, lead people to respect and embrace Indigenous cultures, and hopefully lead those people to become culturally competent too. Doris Pilkington Garimara was an Indigenous Australian author born in 1937 at Balfour Downs Station, Western Australia, near the†¦show more content†¦The aim was to force the children to adopt white culture. They were required to reject their Indigenous heritage and were forbidden to speak their tradition languages. Females were taught to become domestic servants, and men were to become stockmen (Korff, 2017). Despite their efforts to live like white people, many of the Stolen Generations were not seen as equals, and experienced racism and abuse. Unfortunately, there were people who agreed with the assimilation policy, or deny that any Indigenous children were stolen (Korff, 2017). These people believe that the children were being saved from being mistreated by their families and becoming malnourished. However, authorities who took children away usually pretended that their parents neglected them and were left starving. Although, according to Jens Korff (2017) there is plenty of evidence that the children were left hungry because Indigenous people were not paid the full amount of wages they were owed. Many Indigenous people today still suffer the effects of the destruction of their culture and identity. Pilkington was a member of the government sanctioned Reconciliation Committee in hope to restore the relationships between the white and Indigenous people, and was a promoter of National Sorry day, a yearly event that started in 1998 to commemorate the government’s mistreatment of the

The Convicts, by Iain Lawrence, is a story of a young boy...

The Convicts, by Iain Lawrence, is a story of a young boy who faces great odds to complete his quest to help his father. This novel takes many twists and turns through the landscape of London, more specifically in nineteenth century London. However, London is not described in the picturesque view many people have come to know London as. Lawrence shows the uglier more rugged lifestyle of many poor people in London during this time period. Within a society like this in London, swindling, gangs, and prison become common subjects among the lower classes, especially in this novel. Although life was hard for many, the characters in this novel find adventure along the way while aboard ships and through underground sewers. The main character, Tom†¦show more content†¦A man by the name of Alex Goodfellow has swindled Tom’s father of his money after apparently selling him an outstanding vessel along with its own crew. Instead, Mr.Goodfellow gave tom’s father the exact opposite, a rundown ship which was bound to cause problems. Eventually, the ship Tom’s father once thought was his big break, had sunk while Mr. Goodfellow reaped the insurance reward. To make matters even worse, Tom’s father was put in debtor’s prison. Tom struggled with the thought of his father going to prison for something which wasn’t actually his fault, so Tom decided to take action. He made a plan to run away and get revenge on his father’s swindler. Along the way he met an interesting character who was blind. Knowing that the man possessed a rare jewel, Tom took it in the hopes it would bring provide him money for his family the much needed money. Further into his journey, To m comes across a gravedigger named Worms. Worms teaches Tom how to dig up the bodies of the dead and introduces him to other robbers. Interestingly enough, these robbers are kids just like Tom, who rob from people living amougst them in the sewers. Tom befriends Darkey and Benjamin Penny, who teach Tom their robbing ways. Then, things take a turn for the worst. The police find Tom robbing another man and arrest him. However, in one of the biggest plot twists, Tom is found not found guilty for robbing, but for murder. Of course Tom did notShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesby Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds

Relationship Between Regulation and Market Structures Free Essays

The study of government regulation and the competitive environment for business is relevant to all those who study business. All business candidates need to understand how the competitive environment will impact their employers and businesses. A- There are four major pieces of legislation known as the Antitrust Laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Regulation and Market Structures or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the U. S. Civil War, local markets changed into national markets because of transportations were improved, mechanized production methods, and sophisticated corporate structures. In the 1870s and 1880s, many firms became dominant in different industries like meat packing, railroads, coal, and tobacco. These firms often consolidated their industries and over charged its customers. The government formed laws called antitrust Acts to help control these behaviors. * Sherman Act of 1890 was formed to be brief and directly to the point: * The government would investigate organizations and companies suspected in violation of the Sherman trust act to limit monopoly. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, with any person or persons to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce shall be found guilty of a felony (as later amended from â€Å"misdemeanor†). The Clayton Act of 1914 contained the desired elaboration of the Sherman Act. * Outlaws price discrimination when such discrimination is not justified on the basis of cost differences and when it reduces competition. * Prohibits tying contracts, in which a company requires that a buyer purchase another of its products as a condition to purchase the desired product. * Prohibits the acquisition of stocks of competing corporations when the outcome would be less competition. * Prohibits a director of one firm to act as a board member of another firm where the effect would be reduced competition. The Federal trade commission act of 1914 * The act gave the Federal Trade commission (FTC) the power to investigate any competitive practices at the request of any firms or on its own initiative to discover any unfair competition in the industry. * The Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 †¢The Celler-Kefauver Act amended the Clayton Act, Section 7. It prohibits the merger of firms by acquiring tis stock. The Act closed the loophole by making sure that one firm does not obtain the physical assets of another firm when the effect can reduce competition. B- The intended purpose of industrial regulation as it applies to the following market structures: 1. Oligopoly is small groups of firms control the market. For example: ATT, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile control the cell phone industry. Industrial regulation is used to reduce the market power of Oligopolies, to prevent collusion (where small firms secretly set prices) and increase market competition. 2. Monopoly is where one company control prices in the market where there no substitute to the product. Industrial regulations are used to prevent companies from monopolizing in given markets. C- The major functions of the three primary federal and state regulatory commissions that govern industrial regulation. 1- The federal energy regulatory commission in 1930 is the jurisdiction of electricity, gas, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, and water powered sites. The major function of the federal energy regulatory is to regulate the transmission and sale of natural gas, oil pipelines, and wholesale of electricity. There are other functions that involve license and inspect hydroelectric projects and monitor and investigate energy markets. – The federal communications commission was formed in 1934 in the jurisdiction of Telephones, television, cable television, radio, telegraph, CB radios, and ham operators. The major functions of the federal communication commission include processing applications for licenses, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, developing and implementing regulatory programs, and taking part in hearings 3- State public utility commission is f ormed in the jurisdiction of electricity, gas, and telephones. The major function of State public utility commission is to regulates the rates and services of a public utility that include water, gas, and electricity D- Social regulation is intended to deal with the broader impact of business on consumers. The government established several agencies including equal employment opportunity commission and health administration protect consumers from businesses in the late 60s. The purpose of social regulation is for the government to oversee the safety and quality of goods or products as well as the conditions of these products are manufactured. E- There are five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation. 1- Food and drug administration (1906) has the jurisdiction and function over safety and effectiveness of food, drugs, and cosmetics. 2- Equal employment opportunity commission (1964) has the jurisdiction and function over hiring, promoting, and discharge of workers. – Occupational safety and health admiration (1971) has the jurisdiction and function over industrial health and safety. 4- Environmental protection agency has the jurisdiction and function over water, air, and noise pollution 5- Consumer product safety commission has the jurisdiction and function of safety of consumer products As a company, studding the law can help in saving money, time and efforts to stay productive in the market. All business candidates ne ed to understand how the competitive environment will impact their employers and businesses. How to cite Relationship Between Regulation and Market Structures, Papers

My Ivory Tower free essay sample

My earliest memory: I am watching my father in battle. The sun glints off his bronze armor, his red cape swishes as he raises his spear with its rounded duct-tape tip. I sit on my long hair, a flower wreath atop my head, pulling at grass with my toes. My parents have been medieval re-enactors since long before my birth. Week long medieval camping events across the country have shaped me into a girl who doesn’t quite seem to belong in the 21st century. I can juggle, belly dance, shoot arrows, sing lauds, recite ballads, barter, dine with a king and put a knight in armor. Until recently, however, I could barely turn a computer on or find my way through my neighborhood. This past April, my class flew to Mississippi for a week of Katrina relief work; reconstruction and interviewing victims. I saw a different world that week, one full of people who had never turned away from reality; theyd had to face it every day, relying only on their own strength to sustain themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on My Ivory Tower or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Meeting these people showed me that I had boxed myself into an outdated feminine ideal; I had kept myself essentially helpless. Because the medieval world was my childhood, I wanted to embody it forever. After Mississippi, however, I knew it was time to learn to fight my own dragons. I contacted a former teacher and asked if I could volunteer on his farm, and convinced my parents to let me visit our former Swedish exchange student. There was certainly nobody kissing my hand on the farm. I was getting exactly what I had wanted; an experience to show me that I could be strong and independent. I worked twelve hours a day for a month, my hair in long braids, tossing hay-bails, gardening, and carrying buckets of animal food. Although I sobbed the first night, homesick and intimidated by the work, I came to think of the farm as a second home. In July, I flew alone to Stockholm. During my month there, I struck out into the city many times. I knew I would get lost, and I often did, but I learned to read a map. On my last day there, I decided to get my first haircut. When I sat down in the salon chair, everyone in the shop stopped to watch. I breathed in deeply and closed my eyes. There was a sharp snip, and over two feet of blond curls fell away, lifting a weight I didn’t know was there. I reached up to feel my hair. It felt like I reached up forever. I don’t intend to forget of whence I came, but I do intend to become a part of where I am. While I will always love the old world, I want to be a woman of my time. My ivory tower has crumbled now, and I know I can never go back, but that’s all right, because Im ready to explore this new world.

Why You Should Get a Job in Marketing

Why You Should Get a Job in Marketing The movie you want to see this weekend? That’s the result of a marketing push. The celebrity â€Å"scandal† on TMZ? Marketing and spin. (Any mention is a good mention, right?) The products you buy, the company names you recognize†¦those are all the results of the hard work of marketers. Marketing is more important now than ever, with so many different forces competing for our attention, in-person and digitally. Marketers can be found in virtually every industry, working to make sure their brands are getting exposure.What Do Marketers Do?Marketers are â€Å"people† people, but they’re also data people. They take information about customers (demographics, spending power, needs and wants) and apply that to products and services to make them appealing to the potential customer base. Marketing professionals analyze the market’s demand for their company’s product or service, and turn that analysis into plans and strategies to promote directly to people. They process information about the industry, and come up with plans to make a brand more visible or appealing to those most likely to buy or use it.What Skills Do Marketers Have?Marketing professionals need to have a solid base of communication and problem solving skills, which are the two main components of most marketing jobs. But those aren’t the only ones- marketers are very professionally well-rounded. Here are some of the most important skills you’d need in a marketing career.Great CommunicationMarketers do lots of communicating every day, so it’s important to be able to speak clearly and personably with a variety of people. They need to be able to communicate strategies, plans, and results to people at all levels in their company. They need to be able to communicate with potential customers to sell a brand. They also need to be able to be storytellers, making it clear how strategy will turn into results.CreativityMarketing professionals need to be able to see the big picture, and make plans to achieve those bigger goals. That means often thinking outside of what’s been done before, and reaching out in new and innovative ways to build a brand.Problem SolvingWhat is marketing, if not finding ongoing solutions to the â€Å"problem† of selling a brand or product? Marketers need to be flexible to adapt to changes in the market, or react quickly to feedback from users.Time ManagementDeadlines are a fact of life for marketers. Plans often have concrete schedules that need to be met. For example, if a new product is launching in May, the marketers have to be working months ahead of schedule to plan, make connections, and set up events, outreach, advertising, etc. well ahead of that date. Marketers also need to be able to respond quickly. If there’s a trend to be capitalized on right now, waiting a month could be far too late.A Love for PeopleBeing a people person really helps in this career path, because itâ €™s all about making connections and getting people on board. Being outgoing isn’t a prerequisite for the job, but it definitely helps.Public SpeakingMarketing is often about presenting: plans, strategies, products, ideas, results, successes, areas for improvement, and- last but not least- yourself. Marketers are often speaking in public, whether it’s in meetings or interacting with the public in general. If you’re not great at public speaking, don’t despair- this is a skill you can work on all the time, whether it’s taking classes in public speaking, or making more of an effort to move out of your comfort zone while in groups.Attention to DetailMarketers need to know the ins and outs of what they’re selling, and to whom they’re selling it. Gaps in knowledge, or cutting corners can mean serious missed opportunities, or worse, bad word of mouth for their brand.A Command of Social MediaSocial media especially has become a massive pa rt of marketing over the past ten years, and that won’t be slowing anytime soon. It’s crucial to know what the big social media trends are, as well as being tech-savvy in general, so that you’re using every possible tool to build your brand.Analytical ThinkingMarketers rely heavily on information, whether it’s scientific research, informal polls, or any kind of data, really. A good marketer needs to be able to take raw data (about users, product feedback, market trends, etc.) and transform it into action that will benefit their product.What Are the Marketing Career Paths?One of the best things about a career in marketing is how versatile it is- and how versatile it makes you. Let’s look at some of the potential career paths you’ll find in marketing.Brand ManagementBrand management means you’re responsible for the public image and response to a particular product. This is one of the most common marketing careers, and probably the one y ou think of first when you think â€Å"marketing.† A brand manager is responsible for monitoring how a product performs in the marketplace, analyzing data around the market and customers, and strategizing how to both maintain the brand and improve it.Example jobs: Marketing Manager, Brand Manager, Product Development ManagerThe Pay: This field has a median income of $124,850, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Education: Brand management marketing professionals typically have a Bachelor’s degree in marketing, business, or a related field.The Outlook: This field is definitely growing, as the market gets ever more crowded with products and services. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that this field will grow by at least 9% by 2024.Market ResearchIf you’ve always had a passion for stats and figures rather than salesmanship, this could be a great marketing career path for you. Market researchers take in all the data and information they can, and come up with a coherent picture of what the market truly looks like for their industry. They then come up with strategies about how to capitalize on that information, make a better product, and reach out to those customers.Example jobs: Market Research Analyst, Market AnalystThe Pay: This field has a median income of $62,150, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Education: Market researchers typically have a Bachelor’s degree in marketing, business, math, statistics, or a related field. Market research analysts at all levels should have strong math and analytical skills. Advanced market analysis positions may require a Master’s degree.The Outlook: We live in a data-driven society, and people who can wrangle that data effectively will be in very high demand. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that this field will grow by 19% by 2024, much faster than average job growth.AdvertisingOne of the most traditional marketing areas (think Mad Men), advertising is heavy on strategy, messaging, and planning. In advertising, you come up with plans for selling a product or service, then oversee that plan from its embryonic concept stages to execution. Advertising marketing jobs typically mean working with a squad of creative/artistic, business development, and sales teams to make sure the plan will work best for the product.Example jobs: Advertising Managers, Advertising Sales Director, Account Executives, Account Planners, Media Director, Media Coordinator, Media BuyersThe Pay: Along with marketing managers, advertising managers have a median income of $124,850, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Education: Advertising professionals typically have a Bachelor’s degree in marketing, business, or a related field. Backgrounds in sales or graphic design can be helpful in this field as well.The Outlook: Demand will be growing for people who can plan and execute advertising campaigns. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that this field wil l grow by at least 9% by 2024.Public RelationsFor better or worse, public relations professionals are the public face of a product, brand, company, etc. It can’t hurt to have nerves of steel and the ability to stay calm under pressure, because PR professionals are often the first line of defense when there’s any news- good or bad- buzzing around in public. Public relations people specialize in spinning public perceptions of a brand, and troubleshooting when things aren’t so great. (We’ve all seen PR peeps in action for politicians, celebrities, and companies that are in the news for one reason or another.) Public relations professionals are always there with a cohesive statement that supports their brand. Strong communication skills are absolutely essential for public relations jobs, because you speak for the brand.Example jobs: Account Coordinator, Media Coordinator, Public Relations Coordinator, Public Relations Consultant, Public Relations Assistant/As sociate, Public Relations SpecialistThe Pay: Public relations professionals make a median salary of $56,770 per year, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Education: Advertising professionals typically have a Bachelor’s degree in marketing, business, communications, English, journalism, or a related field.The Outlook: As long as there are brands and public entities, there will be public relations people needed to support them. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that this field will grow by at least 6% by 2024.Marketing is a great field because it has tons of opportunities right now, and is an area where you can really grow. It’s also flexible, meaning you can apply those skills in almost any industry. Whether you prefer being the one who analyzes data or the one who’s out there throwing (figurative) elbows to get attention for your brand, there’s a place in the marketing world for you.

Learn About Edwin Land, Inventor of the Polaroid Camera

Learn About Edwin Land, Inventor of the Polaroid Camera Before the rise of smartphones with digital cameras  and photo-sharing sites like Instagram,  Edwin Land’s Polaroid camera was the closest thing the world had to instant photography. The Launch of Instant Photography Edwin Land (May 7, 1909–March 1, 1991) was an American inventor, physicist, and avid photograph collector who co-founded the Polaroid Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1937. He is known for inventing a one-step process for developing and printing photographs that revolutionized photography. The Harvard-educated scientist got his groundbreaking idea in 1943 when his young daughter asked why the family camera couldn’t produce a picture immediately. Land returned to his lab inspired by her question and came up with his answer: the Polaroid Instant camera that allowed a photographer to remove a developing print with an image that was ready in about 60 seconds. The first Polaroid camera, the Land Camera, was sold to the public in November 1948. It was an immediate (or should we say instant) hit, providing both novelty and instant gratification. While the resolution of the photos didn’t quite match that of traditional photographs, professional photographers adopted it as a tool for taking test photos as they set up their shots. In the 1960s, Edwin Land’s instant cameras got a more streamlined look when he collaborated with industrial designer Henry Dreyfuss on The Automatic 100 Land Camera and also on the Polaroid Swinger, a black and white model that was designed and priced at under $20 to appeal to average consumers. An intense, passionate researcher who amassed more than 500 patents while at Polaroid, Land’s work was not limited to the camera. Over the years, he became an expert on light polarization technology, which had applications for sunglasses.  He worked on night-vision goggles for the military during World War II and developed a stereoscopic viewing system called the Vectograph that could help detect enemies whether or not they were wearing camouflage. He also participated in the development of the U-2 spy plane. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 and the W.O. Baker Award of the Security Affairs Support Association in 1988. Polaroid’s Patents Are Challenged On October 11, 1985, the Polaroid Corporation won a five-year patent infringement battle against Kodak Corporation, one of the country’s largest patent lawsuits involving photography. The U.S. District Court of Massachusetts found that Polaroid’s patents were valid and infringed. As a result, Kodak was forced to pull out of the instant camera market. In a good faith effort, the company began offering compensation to their customers who owned their cameras but wouldn’t be able to purchase a suitable film for them. New Technology Threatens Polaroid With the rise of digital photography at the start of the 21st century, the fate of the Polaroid camera seemed grim. In 2008, the company announced it would stop making its patented film. However, the Polaroid instant camera remains viable thanks to Florian Kaps, Andrà © Bosman, and Marwan Saba, the founders of The Impossible Project, which raised funds to help create monochromatic and color film for use with Polaroid instant cameras. Land’s Death On March 1, 1991, at the age of 81, Edwin Land died from an undisclosed illness. He had been ill for a couple of years, spending his last few weeks at an undisclosed hospital in his hometown of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Information about the actual cause of his death was never readily available per his family’s wishes, but his gravesite and tombstone can be found in Cambridge at the Mount Auburn Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark and the resting place of many historically significant citizens of the Boston area.